How Cybercriminals Operate: Common Tools and Methods Used in Cybercrime

In today’s digital-first world, cybercrime has evolved into one of the most pervasive threats to individuals, corporations, and governments alike. The internet has empowered criminals with sophisticated tools and techniques that allow them to infiltrate systems, steal data, and disrupt services on a global scale. In India, where digital adoption is skyrocketing through e-commerce, fintech, and remote work ecosystems, understanding the tools and methods used in cybercrime has never been more critical.

This article explores how cybercriminals operate, the most common tools and tactics they use, real-world examples, and practical steps Indian users and organizations can take to stay safe online.

Understanding the Cybercrime Ecosystem

Cybercrime isn’t just one act—it’s an entire underground economy driven by data theft, financial fraud, espionage, and disruption. Attackers work in organized groups or as freelancers, often sharing resources and selling services through the dark web.

A typical cyberattack unfolds in the following stages:

1. Reconnaissance: Attackers gather public information about targets, such as email addresses, network details, and employee data.
   

2. Initial Access: Entry is gained through phishing, malware, or exploitation of system vulnerabilities.
   

3. Privilege Escalation: Attackers gain higher-level permissions to access sensitive systems.
   

4. Data Exfiltration or Disruption: Information is stolen, encrypted, or destroyed.
   

5. Covering Tracks: Evidence is deleted, and traces are hidden using anonymization tools.
   

This cycle is powered by an arsenal of tools and methods—many easily accessible on dark web forums and marketplaces.

Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks

Social engineering remains one of the most effective and low-cost techniques used by cybercriminals. It exploits human psychology rather than system vulnerabilities.

Common social engineering methods include:

• Phishing: Fraudulent emails or messages tricking users into sharing personal data or credentials.
  

• Spear Phishing: Highly targeted emails impersonating trusted individuals or organizations.
  

• Business Email Compromise (BEC): Attackers pose as executives or vendors to authorize fraudulent fund transfers.
  

• Vishing and Smishing: Voice and SMS-based scams impersonating banks or government agencies.
  

Emerging Trend: Cybercriminals are now using AI-generated messages to make phishing emails more convincing. These messages mimic tone, grammar, and formatting that make them indistinguishable from legitimate communication.

Example: In India, numerous cases have been reported where attackers impersonated government departments, offering fake job postings or COVID-19 benefits to extract Aadhaar and banking information.

Malware: The Most Versatile Weapon

Malware (malicious software) is designed to infiltrate systems, steal data, or disrupt operations. It’s the backbone of most cyberattacks and comes in various forms:

• Ransomware: Encrypts files and demands payment (usually in cryptocurrency) to restore access.
  

• Spyware and Keyloggers: Record user activity and keystrokes to capture sensitive data like passwords.
  

• Trojan Horses: Disguised as legitimate software, allowing attackers to take control of systems.
  

• Infostealers: Extract login credentials, browser history, and stored payment details.
  

• Cryptojackers: Secretly use a victim’s computer resources to mine cryptocurrency.
  

Example: The WannaCry ransomware outbreak affected several Indian organizations, including hospitals and banks, paralyzing operations and exposing the lack of preparedness.

How attackers deliver malware: Through infected attachments, malicious advertisements (malvertising), fake apps, and pirated software downloads.

Credential Theft and Password Exploitation

Stolen credentials are the golden ticket for cybercriminals. Once they have login details, they can access multiple systems, especially if users reuse passwords.

Common tools and methods include:

• Keyloggers: Software or hardware tools that record every keystroke.
  

• Brute Force Attacks: Automated programs try thousands of password combinations.
  

• Credential Stuffing: Attackers reuse credentials from one breach to log in elsewhere.
  

• Password Cracking Tools: Tools like John the Ripper and Hashcat break encrypted passwords.
  

Prevention tips:

• Use strong, unique passwords.
  

• Enable multi-factor authentication (MFA).
  

• Monitor for unusual login activity.
  

Network-Based Attacks

Cybercriminals often target networks to gain broader access or launch large-scale disruptions.

Common network attack tools and methods:

• Port Scanners (Nmap): Identify open ports and services on a network.
  

• Packet Sniffers (Wireshark): Capture and analyze data traffic to intercept sensitive information.
  

• Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks: Intercept communications between users and websites.
  

• Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: Overwhelm a server or network with excessive traffic, causing downtime.
  

To conceal their identities, attackers use VPNs, proxy servers, and Tor networks—making detection and attribution extremely difficult.

Exploit Kits and Zero-Day Vulnerabilities

An exploit kit is a toolkit designed to automatically detect vulnerabilities in a user’s browser, operating system, or plugins and exploit them. These kits can deliver malware silently without the victim’s knowledge.

Zero-day exploits are attacks that target unknown or unpatched vulnerabilities. They’re among the most dangerous methods because no defense or patch exists when the attack begins.

Recent example: Global reports show that cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in widely used software like Microsoft Exchange or VPN appliances—sometimes targeting thousands of Indian users and small businesses simultaneously.

Prevention:

• Keep all software and devices updated.
  

• Use threat intelligence tools to detect abnormal traffic.
  

• Limit admin privileges and segment networks.
  

Crime-as-a-Service (CaaS): The Underground Marketplace

Today’s cybercriminals don’t always need technical expertise. Crime-as-a-Service (CaaS) has made it easy for anyone to buy or rent cyberattack tools online.

Dark web markets offer:

• Ransomware kits and builders.
  

• Botnets for hire (used in spam or DDoS attacks).
  

• Phishing templates and fake websites.
  

• Data leaks and stolen credentials.
  

This industrialization of cybercrime has led to an explosion in attacks targeting Indian businesses, especially startups and SMEs that lack advanced security infrastructure.

Cybercrime Through Messaging Apps and Chatbots

Messaging platforms like Telegram and Discord are increasingly being exploited to host, sell, or distribute stolen data. Attackers use automated bots to share databases, sell credentials, or guide victims through scams.

Recent incidents in India involved massive data leaks where stolen customer information from insurance and telecom companies was circulated through Telegram channels. This new distribution method is fast, hard to trace, and requires minimal setup.

Artificial Intelligence and Automation in Cybercrime

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now being used not just by defenders but also by attackers. AI-driven tools can automate phishing, crack CAPTCHA systems, and even write malicious code.

Cybercriminals use deepfake technology to impersonate executives during video calls and AI-powered chatbots to run scams more efficiently. This growing trend poses serious risks to both individuals and enterprises in India, where digital identity verification systems are still developing.

Real-World Cybercrime Examples in India

India has witnessed several alarming incidents that showcase the sophistication of cybercriminals:

• Data breaches: Sensitive information from Indian fintech, healthcare, and insurance companies being sold on dark web markets.
  

• Banking frauds: Attackers spoofing UPI and net banking interfaces to siphon funds.
  

• Ransomware attacks: Critical infrastructure and IT firms paralyzed by encryption malware.
  

• Sextortion scams: Attackers use infostealers to obtain private content and demand payment.
  

These cases highlight the need for robust cybersecurity policies, employee training, and proactive monitoring.

Read more - Top 10 Best Practices to Prevent Data Breaches

How to Protect Yourself and Your Business

For Individuals:

• Use strong, unique passwords and store them in a password manager.
  

• Turn on multi-factor authentication (MFA) on all accounts.
  

• Regularly update your operating systems and applications.
  

• Avoid clicking on suspicious links or downloading attachments.
  

• Report cyber incidents to the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (www.cybercrime.gov.in).
  

For Businesses:

• Deploy Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) solutions.
  

• Back up data regularly and test recovery processes.
  

• Conduct cybersecurity awareness training for employees.
  

• Implement network segmentation and access control policies.
  

• Monitor dark web forums for leaked company data.
  

The Legal Framework and Reporting Mechanisms in India

India’s cybersecurity framework is evolving rapidly. Key laws and institutions include:

• Information Technology Act, 2000 – Governs cyber offenses and electronic transactions.
  

• Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) – Coordinates responses to cyber incidents.
  

• National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal – Allows individuals to report online crimes directly.
  

Prompt reporting helps law enforcement trace attackers, prevent further damage, and raise public awareness.

Conclusion: Awareness Is the First Line of Defense

Cybercrime is a constantly evolving battlefield. The tools and methods used in cybercrime are becoming cheaper, faster, and more automated—making it easier for anyone to launch sophisticated attacks.

For Indian citizens and businesses, cybersecurity must move from being an afterthought to a fundamental responsibility. The best protection lies in a combination of awareness, technology, and collaboration.

By adopting good cyber hygiene, implementing advanced defenses, and promptly reporting incidents, India can build a safer digital ecosystem for everyone.